Despite this hypothesis, genetic analysis of local isolates had not yet been performed to test the diversity of nitrogen scavenging genes in P. , and that this species can grow at a broad temperature range, it has been proposed that Planktothrix blooms can form earlier in the spring than can Microcystis and then persist following the onset of summertime denitrification. agardhii can scavenge regenerated ammonium more effectively than Microcystis spp. agardhii is well adapted to conditions of nitrogen deficiency that occur in the Bay as a consequence of denitrification. agardhii blooms over other bloom-forming taxa, such as Microcystis spp., that more commonly form HABs worldwide. Recent work has focused on the conditions favoring P. agardhii dominates the cyanobacterial community in Sandusky Bay, a drowned river mouth emptying into the open waters of Lake Erie. In North America, harmful algal blooms have been reported in temperate reservoirs and lakes ), and nearshore environments and estuaries in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Planktothrix agardhii is a bloom-forming filamentous, non-diazotrophic cyanobacterium commonly inhabiting eutrophic freshwaters worldwide. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. All other relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by funding from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation awards to the Bowling Green State University Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health. These data are accepted and should be available at the time of review. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All Genome sequence files are available from the NCBI database (Bioproject accession number PRJNA770612). Received: JanuAccepted: AugPublished: August 23, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 McKindles et al. PLoS ONE 17(8):Įditor: Todd Miller, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, UNITED STATES Overall, the uniqueness of each genome from Planktothrix blooms sampled from the same site and at similar times belies the unexplored diversity of this genus.Ĭitation: McKindles KM, McKay RM, Bullerjahn GS (2022) Genomic comparison of Planktothrix agardhii isolates from a Lake Erie embayment. Two common and 4 unique CRISPR-cas islands were analyzed for similar sequences across all isolates and against the known Planktothrix-specific cyanophage, PaV-LD. Secondary metabolite production was genetically explored including microcystins, two types of aeruginosin clusters, anabaenopeptins, cyanopeptolins, microviridins, and prenylagaramides. Nitrogen acquisition and metabolism was compared across isolates. Analyses include whole genome alignment to generate phylogenetic trees and comparison of genetic rearrangements between isolates. These novel isolates were processed for genomic sequencing, where reads were used to generate scaffolds and contigs which were annotated with DIAMOND BLAST hit, Pfam, and GO. agardhii isolates were obtained from early (June) blooms via single filament isolation eight have been characterized from 2016, and 12 additional isolates have been characterized from 2018 for a total of 20 new cultures. Planktothrix agardhii is a filamentous cyanobacterial species that dominates harmful algal blooms in Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie and other freshwater basins across the world.
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